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Nanotechnology's benefits for disabled people
(Nanowerk Spotlight) Following up on yesterday's Nanowerk Spotlight on nanobionics, today we'll look at bionics and other nanotechnology applications that could benefit disabled people. A range of applications and products with a combination of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and information technology are under development to directly improve the lives of people with severe injuries or medical conditions.
Solutions range from better implants and prosthetics to brain-machine interfaces and they already are in the early stages of development and have working prototypes. While these are technical solutions to medical issues, and also a potential path towards transhumanist dreams, there is a number of social issues surrounding them that are rarely discussed. For instance, some 180 million young people between the ages of 10-24 live with a physical, sensory, intellectual or mental health disability significant enough to make a difference in their daily lives. The vast majority of these young people, some 150 million (80%) live in the developing world. They have limited access to education, employment and basic health care, and generally experience profound economic and social exclusion.
The question needs to be asked whether the nano- and biotechnologies discussed to help the developing world are designed in a way to take into account the specific needs and realities of disabled people. Even if they did - and they do not - the next question is whether all these wonderful new technologies are really affordable for developing countries, or in other words: who pays for them? And finally, does the right social framework exist to take advantage of them?
Nanomedical and bionic products that could directly improve sensory, motoric and other functions cover all aspects of the human body. A 2002 report by the U.S. National Science Foundation ("Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance"; pdf download, 5.9 MB) describes several nanotechnology-based areas for the improvement of human health and capabilities in the next 10-20 years. These visions go far beyond the current implant technologies (bionic ears and limbs, neural and retinal implants, artificial muscles etc) under development.
Nano-Bio Processor
A device for programming complex biological pathways on a chip that mimics responses of the human body and aids the development of corresponding treatments. An example would be the precise “decoration“ of nanoparticles with a tailored dosage of biomolecules for the production of nanomedicines that target specific early biomarkers indicative of disease.
Self-Monitoring of Physiological Well-Being and Dysfunction Using Nano Implant Devices
One outcome of combining nanotechnology with biotechnology will be molecular prosthetics – nano components that can repair or replace defective cellular components such as ion channels or protein signaling receptors. Another result will be intracellular imaging, perhaps enabled by synthetic nano-materials that can act as contrast agents to highlight early disease markers in routine screening. Through self-delivered nano-medical intervention, patients in the future will be able in the comfort of their homes to perform noninvasive treatments autonomously or under remote supervision by physicians.
Nano-Medical Research and Intervention Monitoring and Robotics
Nano-enabled unobtrusive tools will be invaluable for medical intervention, for example, nanorobots accomplishing entirely new kinds of surgery or carrying out traditional surgeries far less invasively than does a surgeon’s scalpel.
Brain-to-Brain and Brain-to-Machine Interfaces
One goal is to establish direct links between neuronal tissue and machines that would allow direct control of mechanical, electronic, and even virtual objects as if they were extensions of human bodies. Researchers are already closing in on this sci-fi sounding scenario.
While these are some very broad and general concepts, a 2005 paper by the University of Toronto's Joint Centre for Bioethics "Nanotechnology and the Developing World" argues that nanotechnology can be harnessed to address some of the world’s most critical development problems. The report comes up with a list of "Top Ten Nanotechnology Applications" for developing countries, ranging from energy to agriculture and health.
Dr. Gregor Wolbring questions whether the nano- and biotechnologies in this and similar lists are designed, implemented, governed and developed in such a way that they are taking into account the specific needs and realities of disabled people and other marginalized population groups. He argues that disabled people as a group are not involved in the discussion about developing and implementing nanotechnology applications – or any other technology for that matter – in the developing world.
Wolbring, a biochemist,bioethicist and science and technology studies researcher at the University of Calgary, who is very involved with disability and ability studies, has compiled a scoping document on "Nanotechnology and disabled people" for the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University.
"Take water, for example" Wolbring points out to Nanowerk. "Nanotechnology should be able to help more than 1 billion people in the world who lack access to clean water, and the 2.6 billion who lack access to sanitation. Nanotechnology can be involved with water in numerous ways, including desalination, detoxification, sanitation, decreased use of water, hydrogen usage, and hydro-generated power, to name a few."
Wolbring argues that the (nano)technologies used to generate clean water and sanitation do not take into account every group of society. "Disabled people - from both the North and the South - have rarely been involved in the discourse around clean water and sanitation" he says. "It is rare that initiators and organizers of stakeholder meetings think of disabled people as stakeholders. It is rare that disabled people are identified as a group affected by a particular issue related to water. A recent report on water written by 25 UN agencies ignored the different needs disabled people have with respect to water and sanitation. Their problems are often different from those of non-disabled people. Clean water and sanitation is inadequate, if delivery does not take into account the different modes of functioning of disabled people."
Wolbring is also concerned that most of the nanotechnology products that could improve life for disabled people will very likely lead to a distribution inequality based on available disposable income; although this is more an income divide than an impact specifically related to disabled people. "However, more than 80% of disabled people live in low-income countries; disabled people have limited access to education (as low as 3%), to employment and to basic health care (as low as 2%). Overall, the income divide might affect disabled people more simply because they are over-represented among the poor"
While a future is becoming realistic where nanotechnology-based products have the potential to adapt the environment in which disabled people live, provide the tools to diagnose the biological cause for physiological impairment, and provide the therapeutic means to cure or 'repair' them, Wolbring argues that technological solutions can only be effective if we as a society manage to engage the 'disability community'. In his paper, he lists numerous issues why this is not an easy task, ranging from the lack of public understanding of technologies to the absolute under representation of disabled people within most social groups.
Wolbring offers some ideas on how to tackle these issues, but most importantly, he says, "a technology is only as good as society allows it to be, and as good as the input that is considered in defining the problem."
Michael Berger By – Michael is author of three books by the Royal Society of Chemistry:
Nano-Society: Pushing the Boundaries of Technology,
Nanotechnology: The Future is Tiny, and
Nanoengineering: The Skills and Tools Making Technology Invisible
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